Herbicides can be grouped into preemergence and postemergence
herbicides. Preemergence means that they are applied before weeds
emerge while postemergence means they are applied after the weeds
start growing.
Some preemergence herbicides are systemic herbicides, that is they
are absorbed primarily by the root system, while others are absorbed
directly into the plant surface as they emerge. Preemergence herbicides
generally need rainfall or irrigation within several days after application
to be activated and effective. Certain herbicides must be incorporated
into the soil to be effective. These herbicides do not readily leach
through the soil but remain in the surface layer. Some preemergence
herbicides have the potential to injure trees, especially if the trees have
not been planted long enough for the soil to settle around the roots.
Rainfall can carry herbicides to tree roots through cracks in the soil.
Most postemergence herbicides are contact herbicides, that is they
must be applied directly on the plant in order to be lethal. It may enter
the plant through the leaves, stems, or roots. Post emergence herbicides
should be applied to actively growing weeds to be most effective. In some
cases, the size and growth stage of the weeds can affect the herbicide
performance.
Postemergent or contact herbicides can be selective or non-selective.
A selective herbicide will kill the target species while not affecting
desirable plants. Anon-selective herbicide will affect a broad range
of plants and must be used as a directed spray onto the unwanted
vegetation.
Roundup can seriously injure Christmas trees, especially if they contact
foliage during the growing season. In these cases the trees should be
protected by a shield when spraying unwanted vegetation. Injury can
also be minimized in some cases by using a lower rate of herbicide.
Some herbicides will have both pre- and postemergence control and may
be both soil and foliar active.
Many factors can affect the successfulness of any herbicide.
As previously discussed, the age, growth rate and rooting properties of
the tree and type of soil must be considered. Weather can also determine
the effectiveness of any application. Moisture is critical to incorporate
many herbicides into the root zone. Too much rain can dilute the
herbicide or incorporate it too deeply into the soil. Sunlight and
temperature, as it affects seed germination and growth rate, can
indirectly cause herbicide failure.
herbicide or incorporate it too deeply into the soil. Sunlight and
temperature, as it affects seed germination and growth rate, can
indirectly cause herbicide failure.
The faster weeds grow the more rapidly herbicides are absorbed
by plants.
by plants.
Unexpected periods of cold weather can inhibit growth and hence,
herbicide effectiveness.
Unlike weather, application techniques can be controlled be the growers.
Proper preparation, mixing, sprayer operation, calibration, and rates will
all contribute to successful weed control.
Planning a Weed Control Program
A weed control program needs to remain flexible. As weed populations
change or more resistant weeds become prominent, a change in strategy
is in order. Most growers use a combination of herbicides to control
different weeds at different times of the year an application of Roundup
followed by tilling or disking may be used to control perennial weeds on
abandoned or converted farm sites. This site preparation may be
followed by a preemergent herbicide in late winter or early spring.
Roundup can often be used for mid-season applications as directed sprays for control of annuals,
perennials, and woody weeds
different weeds at different times of the year an application of Roundup
followed by tilling or disking may be used to control perennial weeds on
abandoned or converted farm sites. This site preparation may be
followed by a preemergent herbicide in late winter or early spring.
Roundup can often be used for mid-season applications as directed sprays for control of annuals,
perennials, and woody weeds
Late season applications of Roundup have been used, especially after
conifer growth has fully matured (hardened), for effective control of
brush and perennials.
conifer growth has fully matured (hardened), for effective control of
brush and perennials.
Listing or reference to any herbicide does not imply an endorsement or
recommendation. Labels should be read completely before any
application.
application.
Growers should remember that it is illegal to use any herbicide in a
manner not specified on the label and by doing so can nullify the
manufacturers liability.
manner not specified on the label and by doing so can nullify the
manufacturers liability.
It is recommended that any grower using herbicides consider obtaining
pesticide application training. It should be noted that many herbicides
which are listed for ornamental, forest, or nursery applications are not
included, even though they may be listed as safe on the label for a
particular tree species.
pesticide application training. It should be noted that many herbicides
which are listed for ornamental, forest, or nursery applications are not
included, even though they may be listed as safe on the label for a
particular tree species.
Growers should keep abreast of changes in labelling which will allow
additional herbicides to be used legally in Christmas tree plantations.
additional herbicides to be used legally in Christmas tree plantations.